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Maastricht Treaty, 2001.
A look at the Maastricht Treaty, the beginning of the formation of the European Union and the ramifications of this treaty on member nations' national identities.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
An in-depth look at the Maastricht Treaty and an examination of the provisions and impact.This paper examines some of the issues involved in trying to balance the national sovereignty and identity of member nations with the level of integration required to ensure that the union itself is strong. It also provides an historical look at the formation of the Union.
From the Paper
"In its most basic form, the Maastricht was an international agreement approved by the heads of government of the states of the European Community in the Dutch city of Maastricht 10 years ago, in December of 1991. It came into effect Nov. 1, 1993, at which time everyone with citizenship in any of the union's members also acquired Union citizenship. Perhaps even more importantly, the treaty also set in motion the establishment of a central banking system and a common currency for the entire continent. The treaty had as its purpose -- and in many ways the effect -- of providing for a common foreign and security policy for the continent."
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The Treaty of Versailles, 2006.
This paper discusses the diplomatic history of the Treaty of Versailles.
3,800 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, even though the Treaty of Versailles ultimately failed, it changed diplomatic history. The author not only examines Woodrow Wilson's impossible plan for the treaty and the League of Nations but also addresses the motivations of France, Great Britain, Italy and Japan and what they hoped to gain. The paper relates that the German people also felt that they were being treated unfairly and were betrayed by their government; therefore, the problems, which they had with the government and with the allied forces, distressed the German people.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Woodrow Wilson
The Long and Devastating War
The Spoils of War
Political Pressure and the Punishment of Germany
France
Desires Going into the War
Hardships That the Country Faced
Personal Goals of the Treaty
How the Country's Diplomat Changed Wilson's Plan for the Treaty
Great Britain
Desires Going into the War
Hardships That the Country Faced
Personal Goals of the Treaty
How the Country's Diplomat Changed Wilson's Plan for the Treaty
Italy
Desires Going into the War
Hardships That the Country Faced
Personal Goals of the Treaty
How the Country's Diplomat Changed Wilson's Plan for the Treaty
Japan
Desires Going into the War
Hardships That the Country Faced
Personal Goals of the Treaty
How the Country's Diplomat Changed Wilson's Plan for the Treaty
United States Politics
German Response to the Treaty
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This idea that Congress had regarding whether it would be more difficult to declare war was very important, as it also related to the spoils of war. The Treaty, had it been ratified, would have helped out many nations, but would have also made it more difficult for countries that did war with one another to collect items and take them home to their country. Because of this, the spoils of war that were generally collected would no longer be available, and many of the larger nations did not agree with this idea."
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The Treaty of Versailles, 2002.
A summary and analysis of the impact of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 on European history 1919-1939.
3,189 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the effect of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 on European history during the interwar period. It looks at how the territorial, financial and security framework and arrangements created by and under the treaty ultimately (by the late 1930s) failed to keep the peace in Europe. It evaluates how the terms of the treaty and the manner it was imposed on Germany contributed to the continuing instability of Central and Eastern Europe and to revanchist sentiment in Germany.
Outline
Basic Facts
Treaty Terms: Motivations and Consequences
Impact of the Treaty's Economic Provisions
Overall Assessment of the Treaty's Impact
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The reparations clause of the Treaty helped to undermine the political and economic stability of Germany and other nations in Central and Eastern Europe. The original amount of reparations demanded by the Allies ($200 billion by France) and ($120 billion by Britain) far exceeded postwar Germany's capacity to pay (Bailey 245). The combined burden of the initial reparations payments exacted from Germany in the early 1920s ($5 billion in gold), the dislocation to the German economy caused by the revolutionary situation at home and the adverse effects of the French occupation of the Ruhr led to a devastating devaluation of the German mark and hyperinflation."
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Post-Westphalia Treaty Europe, 2008.
An analysis of transnational organizations within post-Westphalia treaty Europe.
11,750 words (approx. 47.0 pages), 54 sources, APA, $ 228.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the concept of national sovereignty established by the Treaty of Westphalia has slowly but surely been replaced with one of supra-national organizations of various types, assuming both the authority and the responsibility for many tasks that were jealously guarded by the nations of Europe in the past. It examines the Treaty of Westphalia in light of these recent trends and illustrates how the actions of transnational organizations are Machiavellian in their very nature. The paper suggests that this represents a source of future conflict within Europe wherein only a supra-national body can apply effective governance.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Review of the Literature
Treaty of Westphalia
Post-Modern Europe
Trans-Nationalism
Transnational Organisations
Essay
Introduction
Part One
Current European Political Climate
Pre-Westphalia Treaty Europe
European Spatial Development Perspective and the Issue of Polycentricism
Part Two
Three Types of Transnational Organizations
Transnational criminal/terrorist organizations
International non-governmental organizations
Part Three
Post-Westphalia Treaty Europe and Transnational Organisations
Summary
From the Paper
"The research clearly showed that the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 represented a demarcation point in European history wherein the concept of national sovereignty was established only to be replaced over time by a number of historical transformations in international law that have profound implications for the European Union of the 21st century. Based on the foregoing, it is reasonable to conclude that the actions of TNOs are Machiavellian in their very nature and this represents a fundamental source of future conflict within Europe and creates an environment in which only supra-national bodies can apply and sustain effective governance."
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Treaty of Versailles, 1990.
Analysis of the Treaty of Versailles, its provisions and its impact on all the signatories. Examines the contention that if the treaty had been less punitive, the Germans would have been less likely to respond as strongly in favor of Hitler.
4,275 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 5 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
The Treaty of Versailles
Introduction:
"The intent in the following pages is to examine the origins of the Treaty of Versailles, its provisions, and its impact on all the signatories. A number of theorists consider the Treaty of Versailles and its harshness against Germany as the foundation of the German depression, the rise of Hitler, and the inception of World War II. If the Treaty of Versailles had been less punitive, they contend, Germany would not have experienced such deep humiliation and suffering, and would not have been as likely to respond to Hitler.
The Treaty of Versailles itself was developed from the pre.Armistice agreement between the Allies which was established on November 3, 1918."
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The Treaty of Versailles, 2005.
An analysis of the global implications of the Treaty of Versailles and the extent to which it could be considered a failure.
8,251 words (approx. 33.0 pages), 38 sources, MLA, $ 176.95
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Abstract
In order to answer to what extent the Treaty of Versailles was a failure, this paper reveals the German grievances with the Treaty and also shows how, on a more international level, nations were dissatisfied. It also examines the League of Nations, the institution that was created to uphold its laws and police its implementation, concluding that it also failed in this endeavour. The paper mainly focuses upon the Treaty's failures, but makes reference to some of its successes, while also stating certain unforeseeable detrimental factors to world security such as the economic depression - factors that any system of peace would struggle to deal with. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the Treaty did in part contribute to, and allow for war and that, hence, WWII was the ultimate failure of the Treaty.
Outline:
Introduction
Part One: Implications for Germany
Loss of Territory and Population
Imposed Disarmament
War Guilt and the Trial of the Kaiser
Reparations and Economic Decline
Conclusion
Part Two: Global Implications
The Principle Victors
The Aggressors of World War Two (Excluding Germany)
The New Nation-States
Conclusion
Part Three: League Of Nations
Introduction
Institutional Weaknesses
Territorial Successes
Territorial Failures
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the early 1920's it soon became clear that Germany was too weak to pay reparations as envisaged. The German economy failed to stabilise after the war leading to the hyperinflation crisis of 1923. By May 1923 the rate of increase of the amount of marks in circulation throughout Germany was over 250 billion per week.35 "The world has never witnessed a more extraordinary inflation of currency than that in Germany since the war."36 Hyperinflation dealt a staggering blow to German national pride. It was realized that the current plan for reparation payments was too much of a burden for such a weak economy. To counter the inflation in 1924 a committee that was established by the Allied powers presented the Dawes Plan. This plan provided that: firstly a new Reichsbank and currency would be established with the aid of an external gold loan; and secondly the fixation of annuities from the US for the amounts, which Germany was liable to the Allied Powers (reparations). "
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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 2003.
A discussion on the signing of the 1917 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the its legacy in world affairs.
2,704 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of 1917 closed the Eastern theater of World War I some two years before the Western armistice. Although the Treaty of Versailles traditionally overshadows that of Brest-Litovsk, the legacy of Russia's and Germany's separate peace treaty is arguably more important than Versailles's. This paper explores the personalities of the Russian leaders involved with the treaty, the internal political struggle behind the Soviet's foreign policy, and the legacy the treaty had in European affairs and Soviet policy.
From the Paper
"The terms of the final Treaty signed at Brest-Litovsk were harsher than the ones dictated to Russia a month earlier. The Germans, who had also desired peace initially, had been insulted by Trotsky and the Bolsheviks to such a degree that they no would no longer act fairly towards Russia. Russia lost huge quantities of its natural resources, arable land, population and territory. For Lenin, the challenge now became getting the Congress of Bolsheviks to ratify such an embarrassing treaty."
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Laeken Declaration and the Constitutional Treaty, 2008.
An examination of the extent to which the Constitutional Treaty met the objectives set for it by the Laeken Declaration.
2,970 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Laeken Declaration and the background for the creation of the Constitutional Treaty. The author discusses the content of the Treaty and the reasons for its rejection, and explains how it failed to provide solutions for two specific problems that were raised at Laeken. The author concludes that although the European States may not yet be ready to adopt a formal Constitution, the document has been ratified by more than half of the member states and the debate it has sparked is still ongoing.
Outline:
I. The Content of the Laeken Declaration and the Reasons for the Creation of the 'Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe' more Generally.
II. Critical Judgment on the Content of the 'Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe'.
From the Paper
"If the answer to the questions 'do we want a Constitution?' and 'do we need a Constitution?', or a formalisation of the existing functional, unwritten Constitution is yes, then the next logical questions are 'do we want this Constitution?' or 'do we need this Constitution?'. Apparently, the answer is no according to the French and Dutch people, but let us examine in more detail why two countries that have played a fundamental role in the development of the Union since its creation have rejected the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe."
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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 2004.
An analysis of Lenin's intentions regarding the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
3,089 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Peace Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, arguably one of the most important milestones in modern history. The paper determines why a peace treaty so unfavorable to Russia was ratified by the Soviet government. The personal intentions of Lenin are examined and the paper explains how they differ or parallel to those of the socialist revolution. The paper presents an evaluation of the extent of the German assistance to the Bolsheviks prior to the revolution and describes how Lenin attempted to fulfill the promises given to the Germans in exchange for their help. The paper traces the method by which the peace treaty was ratified on the VII Party Congress despite wide spread opposition.
Outline
Introduction
Lenin's Intentions
German Assistance to the Bolsheviks
Promises Fulfilling
Growth of Domestic Opposition
The VII Party Congress of March 1918 and the Ratification of the Treaty
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Peace of Brest-Litovsk is one of the most important milestones in modern history, for with its signature begins a chain of events which led directly to the outbreak of the Second World War. This treaty not only signified the apparent and complete victory of German arms in the East and the greatest diplomatic and military humiliation which Russia had ever sustained, but, with the exception of the Treaty of Versailles, it had consequences far greater than any other peace settlement since the Congress of Vienna. It was the course of negotiations at Brest-Litovsk which prompted President Wilson to formulate his famous Fourteen Points in an attempt to keep the Russians from signing a separate peace. The rapacity of the Germans in the terms imposed on Russia disclosed to the rest of the world the extent of the Supreme Command's domination and the impossibility of arriving at peace with Germany in the hands of such rulers. This realization produced the final unity among the Western powers, thereby assuring the ultimate defeat of Germany."
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The Treaty of Versailles, 1999.
A discussion of whether the Treaty of Versailles created more problems than it solved.
1,383 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Treaty of Versailles, which was signed after the end of World War I and questions its nature in relation to the problems it caused 20th Century Europe. It looks at how the treaty, which the allies forced upon the Germans in 1919, has been one of the most controversial political acts of the twentieth century and how on almost every aspect can be seen as a failure, although it did provide Europe with twenty years of peace from 1919 to 1939. It examines such issues as reparations forced on the Germans who could not pay and the territorial changes that were made in Europe. It evaluates how the treaty was too harsh upon the Germans and how it caused resentment amongst them, which Hitler skilfully brought to the surface.
From the Paper
"The other key feature of Versailles was the reparations which the allies believed that the Germans had to pay. These ranged from the modest to the ridiculous. The French believed 200 million German Marks would be the minimum that the Germans would have to pay. Both Britain and France wanted reparations, by France desperately needed them, as the war had left the French economy in ruins. Therefore the French aims with Versailles was to hamstring the German economy in such a way that the Germans would have paid for France?s war and left themselves bankrupt. To the French this was the ideal situation, as a bankrupt Germany would pose no threat to the safety of France. However the French could not see that by hamstringing the German economy, the whole of the European economy would be wrecked."
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The Treaty of Waitangi, 2005.
A discussion on Maori understanding of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.
1,407 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how the Treaty of Waitangi, signed in 1840 by over five hundred Maori chiefs and a Crown representative remains to this day a central issue in New Zealand and how uncertainty and confusion have plagued the treaty from its very beginnings. It examines how the Treaty had three objectives: the protection of Maori interests, the promotion of settler interests and the securement of strategic advantage for the Crown.
From the Paper
"Under the guidance of missionaries, thirteen Maori Chiefs petitioned the King of England to provide some form of control the British nationals residing in New Zealand. King William IV made a token gesture in response and appointed James Busby as British Residence. Busby had no power or means to enforce any law or order; he symbolized the first official British presence in the country. October 1835, James Busby organized the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand. The move was sparked off by the threat of a Frenchman, Baron de Thierry, who was planning to establish a 'sovereign and independent state' on the Hokianga, on a large and disputed land purchase. James Busby's personal dislike of Thomas McDonnell, (appointed Additional British Residence in 1834), was also involved. Busby's main objective was to assert New Zealand's independence under the protection of the British Crown."
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The Treaty of Versailles - Doomed From the Start, 2002.
This paper is a basic analysis of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 which saw the end of WWI. Particular attention is paid to the reasons that it failed in terms of both its provision and execution.
807 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that the Treaty of Versailles - signed in 1919 between Germany and the Allies to officially end WWI - was bound to fail from its inception. The paper explores the necessary conditions that need to be met for any treaty to succeed and, based on this information, provides the reasons for the demise of the Treaty of Versailles.
From the Paper
"The Treaty of Versailles was a monumental document presented to the Germans carrying the signatures of Great Britain, France, and the United States? leaders respectively, with particular attention paid to Great Britain and France because they were Germany?s primary opponents during World War I. The irony is that the Germans, at whom the bulk of the treaty was aimed, were not allowed to participate in the Paris Peace Conference where the Treaty of Versailles was ironed out and finalized. In reality the Treaty was more of a list of demands made on the Germans due to their involvement and subsequent ?lose? in World War I, a list including German land ownership rights, military size and scope, and war reparations. Especially due to the coercive nature of the treaty, the Allied Forces were under tremendous pressure to take certain measures involved with peacekeeping and treaty making in order to maintain the peace that any treaty attempts to maintain (and which in this particular case were failed to be met, evident by the rise of Hitler based largely on the promises of undermining the Treaty of Versailles)."
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Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 2002.
A proposal of an empirical research design to investigate why the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) failed to be ratified by the U.S> in 1999.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 127.95
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Abstract
Proposes an empirical research design to investigate why the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) failed to be ratified by the U.S. in 1999. Discusses worldwide attempts to stop nuclear arms proliferation. Resistance of other countries. Major role of U.S. politics in Congressional vote; partisanship in the Senate. Large public support for the treaty. Implications for further study.
From the Paper
"Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Failure: Research Design
Introduction
An empirical research design is proposed to investigate why the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) failed the ratification vote in the United States on 13 October 1999 (Raum, 1999). For all those people who have been in a coma for the past several years, the CTBT is a broad-based treaty that was aggressively negotiated by the United States. The treaty is designed to halt nuclear weapons development by preventing the testing of nuclear explosive devices. The CTBT, thus, represents a companion strategy to attempts to stop nuclear weapons proliferation to those countries that have not already developed a nuclear weapons capacity.
A few important countries, notably among them China, have failed..."
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The Treaty of Versailles and the Congress of Vienna, 2006.
This paper offers a comparative analysis of The Treaty of Versailles and the Congress of Vienna.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer compares two major diplomatic events. The writer looks at the Treaty of Versailles and the Congress of Vienna which show similarities in the fact that they both acted as the conclusion of European wars. The writer explains that the Congress of Vienna took place in 1814 following the Napoleonic Wars, in an attempt to ensure a lasting peace and restore political stability. The writer also examines the Treaty of Versailles which occurred in 1919 at the end of the First World War with the same intentions and aims as the Congress of Vienna.
From the Paper
"The Treaty of Versailles and the Congress of Vienna are comparable in that they were both major diplomatic events that formally ended destructive European wars. The Congress of Vienna was convened at the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1814 and was attended by European heads of state and leading diplomats, who sought to restore political stability and establish a just and lasting peace. The Treaty of Versailles was convened after the First World War in 1919, was also attended by heads of state and leading diplomats, who also sought to restore political stability and establish a just and lasting peace."
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The Kyoto Treaty, 2005.
This paper discusses the problem with increasing worldwide emissions by the burning of fossil fuels as addressed by the Kyoto Treaty.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, by slowing and stopping the upward trend in greenhouse gas emissions, which started in industrialized countries 150 years ago, the Kyoto Treaty hopes to move the world toward preventing dangerous interference with the climate system. The author points out that countries, which have accepted the Kyoto Treaty, have committed themselves to reducing their emissions of six key greenhouse gases by at least 5%. The paper relates that scientists have identified that health, agriculture, water resources, forests, wildlife and coastal areas are vulnerable to the changes, which global warming may bring. Chart.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Atmosphere Changes
Changing Climate
From the Paper
"The Arctic is warming rapidly, with the loss of polar ice projected to accelerate global warming, according to a four-year scientific study of the region conducted by an international team of 300 scientists. About half the summer sea ice in the Arctic is projected to melt by the end of this century, along with much of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The study also confirms that the warming is human-caused, through heat-trapping emissions from the burning of fossil fuels. The United States is the largest world contributor of those emissions and has yet to enact limits. It is clear that pollution that causes global warming to prevent dangerous changes in the climate must be reduced; however, the United States as not agreed to the Kyoto Treaty."
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