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Why Ratify the Constitution?, 2008.
This paper looks at James Madison's beliefs regarding ratification of the US Constitution and studies "The Federalist Papers: No. 10" .
871 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses why James Madison thought it necessary to ratify the US Constitution. The writer notes that, for Madison, one of the primary reasons for Americans to ratify the Constitution was because it provided for a republican form of government. The writer explains that Madison believed that the republican form of government was better suited to control the impact of factions on the political process than a straight democracy. This was due to the fact that in an open political environment, the development of various factions was inevitable. The writer also explains that to develop a democracy that ensured the rights of the people, regardless of their individual beliefs, one had to do more than to put political power in the hands of the majority. On the contrary, one had to develop a means to give all men a voice in the government and protect all rights. The writer discusses that according to Madison, the means to do so was the republican form of government.
From the Paper
"That factions were a problem at the time the Constitution was drafted should not be surprising; although united in their goal to throw off the yoke of English oppression, the several colonies had enjoyed different types of governments, had different goals, and held different values. Therefore, a legitimate fear of these early Americans was that any national government would compromise the rights of the individual states.
"While Madison acknowledged that one might attempt to prevent the development of factions, he understood that doing so threatened the liberty of all men. "
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Communitarianism, 2008.
An examination of the philosophy of communitarianism and Lenin's specific approach to communitarianism.
1,662 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discsses the communitarian vision of the way that a society should be run and describes the philosophy and beliefs of communitarianism. The paper then looks at Lenin's communitarianism and how it related to his Marxist beliefs. The paper also looks at symbolic interactionism as a theory of the individual and relates this to Lenin's views of communitarianism.
From the Paper
"Symbolic interactionism is a theory of the individual while functionalism is a theory of structure. Efforts have been made to create some middle theory that brings the two together. Giddens is one who has proposed such a theory, one he calls Duality of Structure and which involves both structure and individual agency. When we ask about the structure of social practices, we are seeking to explain how structures are constituted through actions and how actions are constituted structurally at the same time. Giddens suggests that the global dimension of thought and action so prominent in the modern world capitalist system ought to shape theoretical discourse in profound ways.
"He notes the dimensions of modernity as we enter the period of post-modernity, and he finds that sociology will more and more shed the residue of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century thought as we move into this post-modern phase."
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The Atomic Bomb and Terrorism, 2008.
An argument that the United States' use of the atomic bomb on Japan was essentially an act of terrorism.
1,504 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the short and long range effectiveness of the United States' use of nuclear bombs against Japan. The paper relates that the United States defines terrorism as an act of violence against civilians with the intent to change political, military, social, economic or other policy of a government or people. The paper then argues that the United States' drop of the bombs on Japan fits this description of terrorism.
From the Paper
"The use of atomic weapons has never been a clearly defined choice for any nation. Nuclear power yields destruction on a level that is virtually incomprehensible. Two single war-head nuclear bombs were dropped on two cities in Japan and those two cities were leveled. The Japanese had no choice but to completely and utterly surrender to the United States. Those two bombs ended a war. But, at what cost? The truth is that, on some level, the choice to bomb Japan and not Berlin was based upon a virulent racism that coursed through the veins of the United States."
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Refugees and Migrants, 2008.
An examination of the differences between refugees and migrants and how they the United Nations relates to them.
983 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the differences between refugees and migrants and looks at why these distinctions are important for political reasons. Specifically, the paper discusses trends of migrant and refugee movements over time. The paper also looks at the ways that migrants and refugees are referred to within the United Nations and the laws that relate to these two groups.
From the Paper
"It is important thus to create a set of clear procedures and screening process that would allow genuine asylum seekers to get refuge. For this reason, a distinction is sought between migrant and refugee. In quite poignant manner, the Convention states that a migrant is someone who may lose better quality of life if he is turned down, a refugee is someone who might lose his life altogether. The Convention and other UNHR handbooks offer clear guidelines on the issue of distinction between migrants and refugees. One handbook revised in 2007 makes the distinction between a migrant and a refugee in these words: "A migrant is a person who, for reasons other than those contained in the definition, voluntarily leaves his country in order to take up residence elsewhere. He may be moved by the desire for change or adventure, or by family or other reasons of a personal nature. If he is motivated exclusively by economic considerations, he is an economic migrant and not a refugee. The distinction between an economic migrant and a refugee is, however, sometimes blurred in the same way as the distinction between economic and political measures in an applicant's country of origin is not always clear.""
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| Term Paper # 108583 |
temporarily unavailable
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U.S. Policy Actions for Iraq, 2008.
A look at the different foreign policy options the US has to achieve its objective of maintaining political and military stability in Iraq.
1,317 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the different foreign policy options available to the US that will help it bring political and military stability in Iraq. The paper relates that the US options at this time fall under two main categories, but each with numerous ramifications and implications of their own. The US can either leave the country or remain, at the same time maintaining or increasing the number of troops present in Iraq. The paper then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both options as well as why they are so complicated. The paper concludes that all of the options discussed have significant disadvantages, notably more disadvantages than advantages, and that, at this time, there is no clear optimal solution that can be implemented in Iraq.
From the Paper
"On the other hand, leaving Iraq would send a dangerous message for future pacifying interventions like the one in Iraq was initially thought out to be: battle the invading forces, as hard as you can, and they will eventually accept defeat and leave. It would give out a message to the world, including to the US partners, that the Iraqi invasion was wrong in the first place and that the last four years have virtually meant nothing and have brought nothing along except a long list of casualties. Leaving Iraq poses a significant question of creditability on the part of the US in front of the entire world. "
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Henry Laurens, 2008.
A review of the life story of Henry Laurens and the part he played in American history.
1,846 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
The paper introduces and analyzes the biography of Henry Laurens, the President of the Continental Congress. Specifically, the paper contains a biography of Henry Laurens, the President of the Continental Congress. The paper notes that Henry Laurens was an American patriot and revolutionary hero who was the President of the Second Continental Congress from November 1, 1777 through December 9, 1778. The paper describes Laurens' part played in American history and points out that he was imprisoned by the English for treason, helped form a new nation, fought in the militia, and lost his oldest son in battle during the Revolutionary War.
Outline:
Capture By the British
Lauren and Slavery
Laurens Children
Mepkin Abbey
From the Paper
"His grandparents were French Huguenots who had immigrated to America for religious freedom. His family did well in the New World. Originally, they settled in New York, but his parents moved to Charleston before he was born, and his father was a very successful saddler and merchant. Henry clerked for local businesses from the time he was sixteen, and when he was twenty, he left America for England, where he would learn to be a merchant. He returned three years later, just a few days after his father died and he inherited his estate, and began a long career as a merchant. He prospered in Charleston, mainly trading in rice and slaves, along with planting rice, and became quite wealthy. He also engaged in importing and exporting items, and he had a store in Charleston, as well."
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'Josephine: A Life of the Empress', 2008.
This paper discusses the work 'Josephine: A Life of the Empress' by Carolly Erickson.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer introduces and analyzes the book "Josephine: A Life of the Empress" by Carolly Erickson. Specifically, the paper contains a review and summary of the book. The writer explains that "Josephine" covers the life of de Beauharnais Bonaparte, the Empress of France and wife of Napoleon. She was born Yeyette Tascher in Martinique, and she grew to be one of the most well-known and powerful women on earth. The writer notes that it was not an easy journey, which is one of the things that makes this central character so important and so interesting. How she came to be Empress is almost a fairy tale story, but her fall from grace makes it more of a melodrama and tragic tale of woe. The writer maintains that the author handles both quite well, for the most part.
From the Paper
"Josephine was Empress, but Napoleon never trusted her or loved her completely again. She gave up her lover, but he was still bitter, and he often treated her with cruelty or patronization. He took mistresses, treated her harshly, and criticized her for aging after she turned forty. As Napoleon gained more power, he became more ambitious, more dictatorial, and crueler, certainly to his wife.
"Josephine discovered him with another woman, and he became so furious he struck her and threatened to ban her from his homes. He actually told her that when she was no longer politically suitable for him, he would abandon her, and because she had nowhere else to go, now that she had abandoned her lovers, she stayed on. It was a low point in her life, and in their relationship."
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Abscam, 2008.
An overview of the FBI Abscam investigation with a focus on Congressman John Murtha's involvement.
2,341 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, from 1978-1980, the Federal Bureau of Investigations conducted a sting operation known as Abscam, which resulted in the criminal convictions of politicians in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, as well as a Senator and six members of the House. The paper contends that Abscam was one of the ugliest chapters in modern political history, destroying the careers and reputations of political figures at the local, state and federal levels. In particular, the paper looks at how one political figure who managed to emerge from the scandal relatively unscathed is John Murtha, who is now one of the longest-serving members of Congress. The paper also discusses how historians, political scientists, social commentators and criminologists have long debated whether Murtha should have been more aggressively pursued by the House and by the federal Justice Department.
Outline:
Murtha's Role in Abscam
House Ethics
Criminal Laws Broken?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"From Murtha's perspective, he was exonerated. He has long declared his innocence, rightly pointing out that he never accepted a bribe during the meeting (Hannity and Colmes, 2006). Washington Post reporter Jack Anderson, who covered Abscam for the paper, offers a back-handed defense of Murtha, saying he played "perhaps the saddest scene on the secret Abscam videotapes. ... He refused to take the money, but his reason was hardly noble (Murtha: 'I expect,' 2006)." Indeed, one could argue that Murtha's reasons did not have to be noble. In the end, he did not take a bribe and arguably did not deserve to be as aggressively prosecuted as his colleagues, who accepted money."
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Andrew Heywood, 2008.
A discussion on Andrew Heywood, the political analyst, and his theory regarding George F. Kennan.
825 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Andrew Heywood's analysis of political theory, explaining that it can be used to shed light on the main issues George F. Kennan was arguing in the late 40s and early 50s. Specifically, the paper examines how Kennan's line of thought regarding the Soviet Union, could be placed in a theoretical framework proposed by Heywood. The paper relates that, taking into account Heywood's theoretical framework, George Kennan can be seen as a realist, in light of the content of his "Long Telegram", and his subsequent article entitled "The origin of Soviet conduct". The paper concludes, however, that, still, globalization plays an essential role in shaping the international environment, an influence which makes certain considerations lose their relevance.
From the Paper
"While during the confrontation, the relations between the three allies were seen as relatively stable and profitable for all sides, as the war came to an end serious concerns emerged over the real intentions of the actors involved in the conflagration. The most disturbing signal came from the Russian leader, Josef Stalin who had decided to take control of Eastern Europe and establish the communist system of government. (Kissinger, 1995) This perspective automatically ruled out the possibility of democracy in those states and therefore the threat of authoritarian regimes in Europe was becoming increasingly real. George Kennan, charge d'affaires in Moscow at the time considered a new approach for the foreign policy of the US, the containment doctrine, which advocated isolation from the rest of the world of the Soviet Union. In this sense, he believed, Stalin's need for conflict would not be met, and his internal legitimacy would in time erode which would eventually lead to the demise of the USSR."
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Single African-American Mothers, 2008.
A review of the social welfare aspects of of the Great Society and the Welfare Reform Act of 1996 with regard to single African-American mothers.
1,922 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews two approaches in social work to single African-American mothers and poverty. The first approach, practiced during the "Great Society" era of the 1960s and 1970s, focused on state-provided welfare, housing and other assistance for single African-American mothers and their families. The second era, starting with the Welfare Reform Act of 1996, focused on integrating poor African-American mothers into the workforce, and providing support services to insure that those mothers could support their children, learn a trade, and become self-supporting. Specifically, this paper presents a sociologically-oriented study of both approaches, establishing what works and why, and what elements can be improved. The paper discusses the two programs in three parts: (1) it explains the goals and implementation of the Great Society program, (2) it explains the goals and implementation of the Welfare Reform Act, and (3) it compares and contrasts the two programs, with a sociological analysis of the outcomes and consequences for social workers.
Outline:
Introduction
The Great Society: Goals and Implementation
Background and Purpose of the Great Society
Actual Implementation
The Social Challenge: Needed Assistance Wasn't Available
Welfare Reform Act, 1996
Background
Concerns about TANF and Current Welfare Programs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The ambitious programs called on a significant increase in social workers. At the time, there were only 2,000 social workers in HEW, but the need was estimated at 35,000 in order to implement the imperatives of the CAP and the "War on Poverty." The predictable result was that many of the new hires had no experience, academic or working, in social work. By the time of the renewal of the act, in 1967, Congress attempted to modify the AFDC, or Aid to Families with Dependent Children, portion of the act in order to address concerns about absent fathers. The perverse effect was that those who had a father present were penalized, while those who were single mothers without an actual, even common-law, husband found their welfare payments reduced. In addition, AFDC provisions paid single mothers additional monthly amounts for each new child. The result was that, by 1970, poverty had been reduced, but the rate of single-parent families increased substantially."
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Print Media Effects, 2008.
This paper looks at the effects of the print media on policy making.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that print media has a great influence on the policy making process because it is the link between those that make policies and the beneficiaries of those policies, namely the general public. The writer notes that the media, printed media included, plays a very important role in American society. Its main role is that of informing the public, and for this alone it has the power to reach as many as possible. The writer points out that print media, unlike other types of media, is consumed by those interested in the issues revealed by a specific publication. Those that follow political print media are clearly individuals that are interested in the issues raised and so political information and investigations reach an interested public. The writer concludes that the media is not entirely fair or just and it sometimes fails to cover both sides of a story, thus taking advantage of its power. Even considering these disadvantages, one can conclude that the media has a great influence in politics and policy-making.
From the Paper
"Print media, because of its daily or periodic reporting, has the ability to bring to the public attention all types of political issues, even exposing some problems and be the first to draw attention on a specific topic. This kind of power of influencing policy making and even dictating what subject must be discussed in political circles makes print media the most powerful organism in a state. Print media draws attention on a subject that attracts public interest and because of the public interest generated by a media story, politicians are forced to consider the subject and even create their policies around the interest shown by the media public. Considering that we are all media consumers, political issues reach every one of us and so we are aware of what is going on at the highest political level."
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| Term Paper # 108476 |
temporarily unavailable
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The Dahlgren Papers, 2008.
This paper studies the book 'The Dahlgren Affair' by Duane Schultz.
1,970 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that 'The Dahlgren Affair' effectively utilizes the themes of history, drama, bloodshed, war, politics and mystery to weave a tale that originated during the Civil War. Schultz's use of high quality characterization and well-paced narrative adds to the value of the book. The writer notes that there are some flaws in the book, and some critics assert that Schultz either fabricated portions of the story, or just made honest errors, and those discrepancies are reviewed in this paper. The writer concludes that it is unlikely there will be definitive proof presented to verify beyond any shadow of a doubt either point of view regarding the Dahlgren papers. But perhaps what is just as important is that by reading books like Shultz's and by studying all accounts of the Civil War, students and scholars will be more informed about U.S. history, and that in itself is a positive thing.
From the Paper
"The genesis of the plot that launches this well-told story is based on an actual attempt to free Union prisoners from the terrible conditions in Libby Prison and Belle Isle prison in Richmond, Virginia. The fact that many Union soldiers had either surrendered or were captured and were being held there - many reportedly near starvation and living in squalor - was eating away at leaders in the North. And so, President Lincoln, who was up for re-election soon and needed to get any positive publicity he could, authorized an attack on Richmond, ostensibly in order to free the prisoners at Libby.
"It was March 2, 1864. But the attack went awry, and in fact when Union Army Colonel Ulric Dahlgren was killed by Confederate soldiers defending Richmond and the prison, papers were found on Dahlgren's body that to this day have historians confused. The controversial nature of the papers has provided historical writer Schultz with a perfect mystery to complement his book."
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Rhetoric and Democracy, 2008.
An analysis of Plato's views of rhetoric and democracy and how they apply to modern day politics.
1,517 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the danger of rhetoric to a democracy. The paper looks at Socrates' four arguments and Plato's view of false rhetoric in order to understand just how prone democracy is to corruption. It then discusses the concepts within the context of an external political structure and discusses how it applies to modern day politics.
From the Paper
"Plato's argument against rhetoric is not all encompassing. Clearly, when used to explain a difficult philosophical position to others, rhetoric is the only real method that can be employed. But, it is just as easily corrupted to be used to soothe the egos of despots and the conceited. Rhetoric can be used to convince people that two plus two is five (a la George Orwell), because if the argument sounds reasonable enough, people can be convinced of just about anything. Thus, our democratic process is not a true election of the best person for the job, but an election of the best rhetoricians - liars by trade."
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