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Organic Farming in Australia, 2001.
A discussion of the management styles used by organic farmers in Australia.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the systems of management and authority practiced in Australia with regard to organic farming. In order to be considered a registered organic farmer, strict rules need to be followed. This paper discusses these regulations and interviews individual farmers about their reactions and attitudes.
From the Paper
"The attitudes that prevail in organic farming in Australia are not surprising if we look to other work on broad dimensions of Australian culture, dimensions that we should certainly expect to see reflected in management style. One such index to cultural dimensions that is widely used is Hofstede?s dimensions. Hofstede created a quantitative method for measuring aspects of culture that extend widely across different arenas such as a value for individualism as opposed to collectivism and ?masculine? as opposed to ?feminine? traits."
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Deforestation Around the World, 2000.
An overview of the economic consequences of the global problem of deforestation.
1,770 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 14 sources, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the global problem of deforestation from the Amazon to Asia. The paper looks at which nations profit and how humanity loses.
From the Paper
"...Behind the environmental dangers to the planet are the economic forces that continue the practice of deforestation for corporate profit on one hand, and subsistence survival of third world farmers on the other. An examination of the problem of deforestation shows how the world?s forests are being impacted by economics."
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Genetically Modified Foods, 2008.
An discussion on whether genetically modified foods are an environmental risk or major food source.
819 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the pros and cons of genetically modified (GM)foods. The paper looks at one view that considers these foods as being an environmental and health risk and the contrasting view that it is the best hope of survival for millions of people in underdeveloped regions. The paper then argues that both views have merit and that a third more accommodating view should be adopted with regard to GM foods. The paper concludes by asking for a cautious approach to the problem as it carries many 'unknowns' and may not be worth the risk.
From the Paper
"We should therefore take cognizance of these warnings. They cannot simply be waived away as just alarmist speculation. It was not so long ago that DDT, an insecticide that was for many years considered to be safe, was found to affect human breast milk and was banned from public use in 1972. We should therefore heed scientists who claim that, "we aren't yet sure what kinds of effects these foods could have on humans, on similar plants, or on the environment. Until we're sure, they should be avoided."
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Precision Agriculture, 2008.
Describes precision agriculture especially the use of GPS (global positioning systems).
2,445 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper provides information about adapting to precision agriculture, and about some of the basic systems that are used such as grid soil sampling, variable rate technology, yield monitors, light bars, and computer software. The paper concludes that precision farming is not an easy or inexpensive investment to start, but depending on your operation it can become a profitable and useful tool. Two color images are included with the paper.
From the Paper
"If a field is variable in fertility, a uniform application rate will lead to over application in some areas and under application in others. The over application may represent a loss of investment in fertilizer depending on the nutrient and potential for loss, while under application can result in lost yield as well as a reduction in crop residue to the soil, which may lead to increased erosion or other related problems. The field recommendations that are made on SSToolbox are downloaded into a memory card or e-mailed to the fertilizer dealer to be downloaded on their own memory cards."
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Remote Sensing, 2008.
A look at the many applications of remote sensing, including the areas of agriculture, forestry, and urban development.
3,035 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history and uses of remote sensing. The paper specifically focuses on how remote sensing is used in agricultural applications from row crop to forage management, but also discusses its application in the fields of forestry and urban development. The paper looks at how remote sensing can be an invaluable resource for many business and professionals and how it has become a large part in how many people conduct their business. The paper concludes that remote sensing technology has evolved greatly over the last 30 years since the launching of the first space remote sensing satellite. One would believe that in the future, there will be many more advances and applications of this highly advanced technology to improve our knowledge of the earth. Several color images are included with the paper.
Table of Contents:
Applications of Remote Sensing in Field Crops
Remote Sensing in Other Applications
From the Paper
"Remote sensing can be very useful for many applications. It provides a unique perspective of from which to observe large regions. Remote sensors can measure energy at wave lengths which are beyond the range of human vision. (ex., microwave, ultra-violet, and infrared wave lengths.) This energy, called electromagnetic radiation, is emitted in waves that are able to transmit energy from one place to another. For example, this paper, plants, animals and air are reflecting and emitting a wide range of electromagnetic waves. Remote sensing is possible from nearly any site on earth."
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Monsanto, 2007.
Discuses a patent infringement case regarding the seed company, Monsanto vs. Percy Schmeiser of Saskatchewan, Canada.
2,370 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses a legal case study that revolves around the Monsanto company (plaintiff) versus Mr. Percy Schmeiser (defendant), of Saskatchewan, Canada. The paper relates that Monsanto claims that Mr. Schmeiser knowingly planted Monsanto's patented canola seed by saving the cross-pollinated seed from the previous year and is seeking patent infringement damages, since he was not a licensee of the patent. On the other hand, Mr. Schmeiser claims that he did not plant or buy any seed from Monsanto, and that his canola seeds were naturally cross-pollinated by bees, wind, and passing trucks. The paper outlines the legal issues and arguments on both sides of the case and concludes that the main issue of the case is that Monsanto is becoming a monopoly. The paper argues that the farmers must take control of this situation immediately and demand sovereignty against Monsanto's control. The paper further argues that the farmers must formulate a class-action lawsuit against Monsanto, and stop buying seed or anything else Monsanto is selling. Governmental regulators then need to stay the course and find in favor of traditional farming.
Table of Contents:
Diagnosis
Focal Points For Action
Short Term Issues
Long Term Issues
Profitability Segment
2005 Data
United States Patent Law
Canadian Patent Law
Patent Rights
Alternatives
The Issue
Decisions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Canada does not allow higher life forms to be patented, yet, the Schmeiser decision, by a 5-4 majority, suggests that patent holders of components of higher life forms have found way around this barrier. This decision does an apparent end run around the prohibition against planting higher life forms by finding patent infringement in cases where a non-licensee possesses a whole that contains a patented part. This effectively provides a monopolistic protection of the whole to patent holders of the part, even though such patents are not permitted under law."
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Agro Terrorism, 2008.
This paper looks at the issue of homeland security and discusses agro terrorism.
1,655 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the terrorist attacks on the United States, September 11, 2001 lead to the development of the Homeland Security Act of 2002. The Homeland Security Agency was formed in 2002 to organize and manage collaboration efforts of local, state, and other federal agencies to develop bioterrorism-related food regulations. The writer points out that the federal agencies that are involved with developing and implementing bioterrorism-related food regulations include the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Food Safety and Inspection Services (FSIS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). In this project the writer analyzes the collaborating agencies and evaluates the effectiveness of the regulations and programs used to protect the food supply of the United States. The writer concludes that the Food and Drug Administration, The United States Department of Agriculture, and the Food Safety and Inspection Services along with the White House and other government agencies have collaborated and developed several comprehensive prevention and response programs to address the incident of a food-related bioterrorism attack on the United States.
Outline:
Introduction
Risk of Agro Terrorism
Types of Agro Terrorism
Historical Food-Related Bioterrorism
Food and Drug Administration Response
Food Safety and Inspection Services (FSIS) Response
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Food Safety and Inspection Service is an infrastructure of the United States Department of Agriculture. The Food Safety and Inspection Service and the United States Department of Agriculture work together with the White House and the Department of Homeland Security to coordinate food security in the United States. (Food Safety Inspection Service 2003) The Food Safety and Inspection Services ensure that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe and the United States Department of Agriculture ensures the safety of the remaining food products. Prior to September 11, 2001, the main focus of the FSIS was unintentional harm to eggs, meat and poultry, now the focus has shifted to intentional acts of harm to the food supply.
"The FSIS and the USDA along with the existing food safety framework in place, accomplishments by the agency have been swift and targeted. The following accomplishments have been documented for the collaborative efforts of the FSIS and the USDA."
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Climate Change and Atlantic Canada, 2008.
This paper examines the effects of climate change on Canada and Atlantic Canada, specifically.
1,225 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the most important and likely ways that Atlantic Canada will be affected by climate change. The paper demonstrates that climate change has the potential to have a devastating effect on the forests, farms and economy of Atlantic Canada.
From the Paper
"Another way in which climate change could negatively impact Atlantic Canada's forests is by causing mid-winter thaws to become longer, and to occur more often. These thaws cause air bubbles to form in stems, and if these remain they will prevent water from flowing into the leaves when spring comes. Also, if there are extended thaws, when the soil freezes again it can damage roots. This means that when the spring comes, the roots are damaged. However, it is the roots that usually produce the pressure to expel the air bubbles."
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Sustainable Development in the Philippines, 2008.
This paper discusses good governance for sustainable development in the uplands of the Philippines at the Western Mindanao State University (WMSU) Experimental Forest.
4,440 words (approx. 17.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that deliberate efforts on the part of the government or civil society to strengthen links between good governance initiatives and sustainable development objectives provide a viable framework for action that is founded on participatory mechanisms to mitigate effects of poverty, inequality and lack of access to basic services. The author points out that such mechanisms are essential in establishing a mutually accepted and respected strategic plan of action for a more sustainable utilization of the community's scarce resources. The paper relates that the primary objective of the Forest Land Use Plan is to allocate the one thousand two hundred twenty seven hectares of the Western Mindanao State University Experimental Forest to its most rational use in order to address prevailing issues concerning the sustainability of the forest.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Governance and Sustainability
Development in the Upland
Community-Based Resource Management at WMSU Experimental Forest
The Forest Land Use Plan
Good Governance and Sustainable Development in the Upland
Conclusion
Schematic Framework of Forest Land Use Planning (FLUP)Proposed Forest Land Use Map of the WMSU-EF
From the Paper
"With the delineation of the production and protection areas, existing land use map was superimposed to analyze propriety of the existing land uses with vis-a-vis land qualities or land characteristics. Based on this, various conflicting issues were noted as improper land use such as kaingin farming and related practices. Other areas of issues such as degraded lands, encroachment, illegal occupancy, protection of forest resources and socio-demographic problems due to increasing population in the area were also identified. From these, various options were developed by the TWG to address the different issues and conflicts."
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Genetically Modified Crops, 2007.
This paper discusses the risks vs. the benefits of genetically modified foods.
1,371 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the world-wide debate about genetically modified (GM) crops and explains the advantages and disadvantages of these products. The paper looks at the regulation of genetically modified foods in the United States and Europe and how GM food growth is drawing a political backlash. The paper discusses the powerful opposition of Greenpeace to genetic engineering. The paper concludes that as long as environmental organizations generate fear and doubt among politicians, retailers and the public, it will be almost impossible for the technology to break through, despite its benefits.
Outline:
Introduction
The Science of Genetic Engineering
Genetically Modified Foods and Hunger
Genetically Modified Foods and Biodiversity
Research for the Common Good
Growth of Genetic Engineering
Greenpeace
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The world wide debate about genetically modified crops has been a heated one, pitting biological progress against environmental conservation. The genetically modified foods issue involves complex factors including politics, international trade, and social and cultural norms. Advocates of GM foods say that the increased yields and decreased price of using genetically modified seeds can help to alleviate world hunger. However, progress is being hampered by over cautious environmentalists and consumers, mostly in Europe and Japan. These wealthy areas of the world can afford to take precautions that the starving people of the world cannot, but the preference of consumers in wealthy countries of whole, natural, organic foods is influencing impoverished countries."
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Agricultural Produce in Inter-war Russia, India and Japan, 2007.
This paper looks at trends and changes relating to agricultural produce in Russia, India and Japan during the inter-war period.
1,452 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer outlines the main trends in agricultural produce in the three economies of Russia, India and Japan in the inter-war period. The writer discusses how far changes in output and prices affected the standard of living of the agricultural population and notes that, during the inter-war period (1914-39), Russia, Japan and India experienced similar but at times varied fluctuations in how much produce they cultivated agriculturally. Generally-speaking, Japan and India maintained outwardly stable, but far from spectacular levels of production, while Russia and later the Soviet Union witnessed greater disparities in what she produced for the commercial market. The writer concludes that what is clear from all three cases is the extent to which change in agricultural output and prices invariably failed to benefit the rural population - and, in the case of the Soviet Union, change in fact proved to be catastrophic.
From the Paper
"When one takes the example of rice production - the main staple - as the chief indicator of agricultural output, with reference to Japan and India, and that of wheat production for Russia, one can observe the following. By 1914, Japan quickly reached production levels of 8.5 millions tonnes, levels that remained pretty much constant during subsequent years. Some twenty years later, in 1933, she reached a peak of 10.6 million tonnes, ending with a modest 10.3 million tonnes of rice in 1939. During the post-war era, India similarly witnessed marked increases in production. By 1914 she saw 42 million tonnes of rice harvested nationwide. But production proved erratic thereafter. During six of the following fifteen years output did exceed the 50 million tonne threshold; but the trend nevertheless was downwards, so that, by 1932, production dipped below the 40 million mark, only struggling to transcend this figure in two of the remaining seven years. What heavily contrasts with the case of India and Japan is that of Russia which witnessed not a levelling-off but a massive reduction in her wheat production following the First World War. By contrast to 28 million tonnes, which was recorded in 1913, the amount for 1921 plummeted to a mere 5.6 million tonnes. By 1925, however, production kicked back quickly to normal levels, with the Soviet Union reporting that 20.8 million tonnes of wheat had been harvested."
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Free Trade Agreements in America, 2008.
An examination of free trade agreements in the U.S. and how they are affecting small farmers and labor unions.
2,424 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the free trade agreements in America affect the labor unions, and the small farmers; mostly middle class to lower class persons. It explains that the people who stand to gain the most are those with high positions in corporations, who, thanks to Free trade agreements, can wipe out small competition, and are able to make their own shipping agreements for less money with farmers and manufacturers in less industrialized countries. The paper discusses how the new agreements, which make tariffs on the imported goods low to keep them cost effective, will ultimately crush the small farmer between the giant agribusinesses and the new Central American imports. The paper also looks at instances where labor unions and farmers protested in the hopes of gaining political support, but their attempts to influence policy have been largely ineffective.
From the Paper
"Free trade agreements have become more common in the U.S. during the last half century, leading to disputes on whether or not those agreements are actually beneficial to our country. Free trade allows countries to trade unique products that cannot be produced in or found in their own countries. Free trade also allows them to be sold at reasonable prices to the consumers. The disadvantages of free trade are that there are also many products that can be produced in multiple countries. Some countries can produce these products cheaper. This can cause huge economic issues/problems for the people who were originally making this product."
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Campaign Targeting Kraft Foods, 2007.
An examination of the campaign against the Kraft Foods Company.
1,659 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the ongoing campaign targeting the Kraft Food Company and explains that the campaign is led by the Genetically Engineered Food Alert (GEFA). The paper discusses how the majority of Kraft products contain genetically altered ingredients and then looks at the steps taken by GEFA to convince Kraft to to discontinue the use of genetically engineered ingredients in all products unless adequate testing, labeling, and liability are established. The writer believes that the campaign has turned out to be somewhat and concludes that, although the scientific evidence against genetically engineered food was there, Kraft may have never felt the pressure to change their ways without this campaign.
From the Paper
"The campaign against the Kraft Foods Company has been in action since 2000, when it was discovered that Kraft was using genetically engineered ingredients in their food products. The campaign is led by the Genetically Engineered Food Alert, a coalition of health, consumer and environmental groups. It is generally accepted that genetically altered foods are safe to consume, however, there is mounting scientific evidence that these foods may be harmful to consumers' health, as well as to the environment."
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Forest Inventory Methods, 2007.
This paper is a case study of forest inventory methods in New Jersey.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explain that New Jersey is a unique forestry case study because the rapid urbanization of the state resulted in not as much comprehensive information about inventories and methodology being done as in larger states with more forests. The author points out that the state uses interpretation of aerial photos of the entire state to estimate the number, size and species of trees and compare re-photographed and re-measured plots periodically. The paper relates that a major component of New Jersey's forests is the urban forest, one of the most neglected fields in terms of resource management due to budget austerity, poor planning and non-efficient management.
From the Paper
"A piece of knowledge that is useful about the Pine Barrens of New Jersey is the need to calculate fuel load in order to understand fire and how much it can affect the forest. This requires the extensive use of machinery. A Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) device was utilized in conjunction with FIA and other types of data to quantify the fuel lodes of the forest. The LIDAR was recorded at 400 Hz over three areas of 1 square kilometer with transects spaced at 200 meters and along 64 transects also spaced 1 square kilometer apart."
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"Guns, Germs and Steel", 2005.
An analysis of Jared Diamond's book "Guns, Germs and Steel".
2,179 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on Diamond's book "Guns, Germs and Steel" and his explanations of how and why the modern world has developed the way it has. It looks at how it discusses the history of domestication in both plants and animals, world trade and disease, technology and advanced weaponry, and climates and specific ecosystems.
From the Paper
" Diamond lists and explains the 'major five' and the 'minor nine' large domesticated herbivorous mammals, along with their ancestors and where they originated. The major five include sheep, goat, cow, pig, and horse. Sheep and goat originated in West Asia, cow and pig in Eurasia and North Africa, and the horse from southern Russia. The minor nine include Arabian and Bactrian camel, llama, donkey, reindeer, water buffalo, yak, Bali cattle, and mithan. One may ask why so many animals were domesticated in so few places, and the answer is partially knowledge of domestication, and the other is availability of animals. Some places like Australia were only left with one or a few candidates for domestication after the great extinction of the mega fauna."
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